Let M be a full modular symbol space of level N, as given by msinit, let Q | N, (Q,N/Q) = 1, and let H be a subspace stable under the Atkin-Lehner involution w_Q. Return the matrix of w_Q acting on H (M if omitted).

  ? M = msinit(36,2); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(36))
  ? w = msatkinlehner(M,4); w^2 == 1
  %2 = 1
  ? #w   \\ involution acts on a 13-dimensional space
  %3 = 13
  ? M = msinit(36,2, -1); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(36))^-
  ? w = msatkinlehner(M,4); w^2 == 1
  %5 = 1
  ? #w
  %6 = 4

The library syntax is GEN msatkinlehner(GEN M, long Q, GEN H = NULL).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return its cuspidal part S. If flag = 1, return [S,E] its decomposition into cuspidal and Eisenstein parts.

A subspace is given by a structure allowing quick projection and restriction of linear operators; its first component is a matrix with integer coefficients whose columns form a ℚ-basis of the subspace.

  ? M = msinit(2,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(2))^+
  ? [S,E] = mscuspidal(M, 1);
  ? E[1]  \\ 2-dimensional
  %3 =
  [0 -10]
  
  [0 -15]
  
  [0  -3]
  
  [1   0]
  
  ? S[1]  \\ 1-dimensional
  %4 =
  [ 3]
  
  [30]
  
  [ 6]
  
  [-8]

The library syntax is GEN mscuspidal(GEN M, long flag).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return its Eisenstein subspace. A subspace is given by a structure allowing quick projection and restriction of linear operators; its first component is a matrix with integer coefficients whose columns form a ℚ-basis of the subspace. This is the same basis as given by the second component of mscuspidal(M, 1).

  ? M = msinit(2,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(2))^+
  ? E = mseisenstein(M);
  ? E[1]  \\ 2-dimensional
  %3 =
  [0 -10]
  
  [0 -15]
  
  [0  -3]
  
  [1   0]
  
  ? E == mscuspidal(M,1)[2]
  %4 = 1

The library syntax is GEN mseisenstein(GEN M).

Let Δ := Div^0(ℙ^1 (ℚ)). Let M be a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, let s be a modular symbol from M, i.e. an element of Hom_G(Δ, V), and let p = [a,b] ∈ Δ be a path between two elements in ℙ^1(ℚ), return s(p) ∈ V. The path extremities a and b may be given as t_INT, t_FRAC or oo = (1:0). The symbol s is either

* a t_COL coding an element of a modular symbol subspace in terms of the fixed basis of Hom_G(Δ,V) chosen in M; if M was initialized with a non-zero sign (+ or -), then either the basis for the full symbol space or the ±-part can be used (the dimension being used to distinguish the two).

* a t_VEC (v_i) of elements of V, where the v_i = s(g_i) give the image of the generators g_i of Δ, see mspathgens. We assume that s is a proper symbol, i.e. that the v_i satisfy the mspathgens relations.

If p is omitted, convert the symbol s to the second form: a vector of the s(g_i).

  ? M = msinit(2,8,1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(2))^+
  ? g = mspathgens(M)[1]
  %2 = [[+oo, 0], [0, 1]]
  ? N = msnew(M)[1]; #N \\ Q-basis of new subspace, dimension 1
  %3 = 1
  ? s = N[,1]         \\ t_COL representation
  %4 = [-3, 6, -8]~
  ? S = mseval(M, s)   \\ t_VEC representation
  %5 = [64*x^6-272*x^4+136*x^2-8, 384*x^5+960*x^4+192*x^3-672*x^2-432*x-72]
  ? mseval(M,s, g[1])
  %6 = 64*x^6 - 272*x^4 + 136*x^2 - 8
  ? mseval(M,S, g[1])
  %7 = 64*x^6 - 272*x^4 + 136*x^2 - 8

Note that the symbol should have values in V = ℚ[x,y]_{k-2}, we return the de-homogenized values corresponding to y = 1 instead.

The library syntax is GEN mseval(GEN M, GEN s, GEN p = NULL).

Returns the modular symbol attached to the cusp c, where M is a modular symbol space of level N, attached to G = Γ_0(N). The cusp c in ℙ^1(ℚ)/G can be given either as oo ( = (1:0)), as a rational number a/b ( = (a:b)). The attached symbol maps the path [b] - [a] ∈ Div^0 (ℙ^1(ℚ)) to E_c(b) - E_c(a), where E_c(r) is 0 when r != c and X^{k-2} | γ_r otherwise, where γ_r.r = (1:0). These symbol span the Eisenstein subspace of M.

  ? M = msinit(2,8);  \\  M_8(Gamma_0(2))
  ? E =  mseisenstein(M);
  ? E[1] \\ two-dimensional
  %3 =
  [0 -10]
  
  [0 -15]
  
  [0  -3]
  
  [1   0]
  
  ? s = msfromcusp(M,oo)
  %4 = [0, 0, 0, 1]~
  ? mseval(M, s)
  %5 = [1, 0]
  ? s = msfromcusp(M,1)
  %6 = [-5/16, -15/32, -3/32, 0]~
  ? mseval(M,s)
  %7 = [-x^6, -6*x^5 - 15*x^4 - 20*x^3 - 15*x^2 - 6*x - 1]

In case M was initialized with a non-zero sign, the symbol is given in terms of the fixed basis of the whole symbol space, not the + or - part (to which it need not belong).

  ? M = msinit(2,8, 1);  \\  M_8(Gamma_0(2))^+
  ? E =  mseisenstein(M);
  ? E[1] \\ still two-dimensional, in a smaller space
  %3 =
  [ 0 -10]
  
  [ 0   3]
  
  [-1   0]
  
  ? s = msfromcusp(M,oo) \\ in terms of the basis for M_8(Gamma_0(2)) !
  %4 = [0, 0, 0, 1]~
  ? mseval(M, s) \\ same symbol as before
  %5 = [1, 0]

The library syntax is GEN msfromcusp(GEN M, GEN c).

Let E/ℚ be an elliptic curve of conductor N. For ϵ = ±1, we define the (cuspidal, new) modular symbol x^ϵ in H^1_c(X_0(N),ℚ)^ϵ attached to E. For all primes p not dividing N we have T_p(x^ϵ) = a_p x^ϵ, where a_p = p+1-#E(𝔽_p).

Let Ω^ += E.omega[1] be the real period of E (integration of the Néron differential dx/(2y+a_1x+a3) on the connected component of E(ℝ), i.e. the generator of H_1(E,ℤ)^+) normalized by Ω^+ > 0. Let iΩ^- the integral on a generator of H_1(E,ℤ)^- with Ω^- ∈ ℝ_{ > 0}. If c_ oo is the number of connected components of E(ℝ), Ω^- is equal to (-2/c_ oo ) x imag(E.omega[2]). The complex modular symbol is defined by F: δ → 2iπ ∫_{δ} f(z) dz The modular symbols x^ϵ are normalized so that F = x^+ Ω^+ + x^- iΩ^-. In particular, we have x^+([0]-[ oo ]) = L(E,1) / Ω^+, which defines x^{±} unless L(E,1) = 0. Furthermore, for all fundamental discriminants D such that ϵ.D > 0, we also have ∑_{0 ≤ a < |D|} (D|a) x^ϵ([a/|D|]-[ oo ]) = L(E,(D|.),1) / Ω^{ϵ}, where (D|.) is the Kronecker symbol. The period Ω^- is also 2/c_ oo x the real period of the twist E^{(-4)} = elltwist(E,-4).

This function returns the pair [M, x], where M is msinit(N,2) and x is x^{sign} as above when sign = ±1, and x = [x^+,x^-] when sign is 0. The modular symbols x^± are given as a t_COL (in terms of the fixed basis of Hom_G(Δ,ℚ) chosen in M).

  ? E=ellinit([0,-1,1,-10,-20]);  \\ X_0(11)
  ? [M,xp]= msfromell(E,1);
  ? xp
  %3 = [1/5, -1/2, -1/2]~
  ? [M,x]= msfromell(E);
  ? x    \\ both x^+ and x^-
  %5 = [[1/5, -1/2, -1/2]~, [0, 1/2, -1/2]~]
  ? p = 23; (mshecke(M,p) - ellap(E,p))*x[1]
  %6 = [0, 0, 0]~ \\ true at all primes, including p = 11; same for x[2]

The library syntax is GEN msfromell(GEN E, long sign).

Given a msinit M and a vector v of pairs [p, P] (where p is prime and P is a polynomial with integer coefficients), return a basis of all modular symbols such that P(T_p)(s) = 0. If H is present, it must be a Hecke-stable subspace and we restrict to s ∈ H. When T_p has a rational eigenvalue and P(x) = x-a_p has degree 1, we also accept the integer a_p instead of P.

  ? E = ellinit([0,-1,1,-10,-20]) \\11a1
  ? ellap(E,2)
  %2 = -2
  ? ellap(E,3)
  %3 = -1
  ? M = msinit(11,2);
  ? S = msfromhecke(M, [[2,-2],[3,-1]])
  %5 =
  [ 1  1]
  
  [-5  0]
  
  [ 0 -5]
  ? mshecke(M, 2, S)
  %6 =
  [-2  0]
  
  [ 0 -2]
  
  ? M = msinit(23,4);
  ? S = msfromhecke(M, [[5, x^4-14*x^3-244*x^2+4832*x-19904]]);
  ? factor( charpoly(mshecke(M,5,S)) )
  %9 =
  [x^4 - 14*x^3 - 244*x^2 + 4832*x - 19904 2]

The library syntax is GEN msfromhecke(GEN M, GEN v, GEN H = NULL).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return its level N.

The library syntax is long msgetlevel(GEN M).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return its sign: ±1 or 0 (unset).

  ? M = msinit(11,4, 1);
  ? msgetsign(M)
  %2 = 1
  ? M = msinit(11,4);
  ? msgetsign(M)
  %4 = 0

The library syntax is long msgetsign(GEN M).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return its weight k.

  ? M = msinit(11,4);
  ? msgetweight(M)
  %2 = 4

The library syntax is long msgetweight(GEN M).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, p being a prime number, and H being a Hecke-stable subspace (M if omitted) return the matrix of T_p acting on H (U_p if p divides N). Result is undefined if H is not stable by T_p (resp. U_p).

  ? M = msinit(11,2); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(11))
  ? T2 = mshecke(M,2)
  %2 =
  [3  0  0]
  
  [1 -2  0]
  
  [1  0 -2]
  ? M = msinit(11,2, 1); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(11))^+
  ? T2 = mshecke(M,2)
  %4 =
  [ 3  0]
  
  [-1 -2]
  
  ? N = msnew(M)[1] \\ Q-basis of new cuspidal subspace
  %5 =
  [-2]
  
  [-5]
  
  ? p = 1009; mshecke(M, p, N) \\ action of T_1009 on N
  %6 =
  [-10]
  ? ellap(ellinit("11a1"), p)
  %7 = -10

The library syntax is GEN mshecke(GEN M, long p, GEN H = NULL).

Given G a finite index subgroup of SL(2,ℤ) and a finite dimensional representation V of GL(2,ℚ), creates a space of modular symbols, the G-module Hom_G(Div^0(ℙ^1 (ℚ)), V). This is canonically isomorphic to H^1_c(X(G), V), and allows to compute modular forms for G. If sign is present and non-zero, it must be ±1 and we consider the subspace defined by Ker (σ - sign), where σ is induced by [-1,0;0,1]. Currently the only supported groups are the Γ_0(N), coded by the integer N > 1. The only supported representation is V_k = ℚ[X,Y]_{k-2}, coded by the integer k ≥ 2.

The library syntax is GEN msinit(GEN G, GEN V, long sign).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, check whether s is a modular symbol attached to M.

  ? M = msinit(7,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(7))^+
  ? N = msnew(M)[1];
  ? s = N[,1];
  ? msissymbol(M, s)
  %4 = 1
  ? S = mseval(M,s);
  ? msissymbol(M, S)
  %6 = 1
  ? [g,R] = mspathgens(M); g
  %7 = [[+oo, 0], [0, 1/2], [1/2, 1]]
  ? #R  \\ 3 relations among the generators g_i
  %8 = 3
  ? T = S; T[3]++; \\ randomly perturb S(g_3)
  ? msissymbol(M, T)
  %10 = 0  \\ no longer satisfies the relations

The library syntax is long msissymbol(GEN M, GEN s).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return the new part of its cuspidal subspace. A subspace is given by a structure allowing quick projection and restriction of linear operators; its first component is a matrix with integer coefficients whose columns form a ℚ-basis of the subspace.

  ? M = msinit(11,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(11))^+
  ? N = msnew(M);
  ? #N[1]  \\ 6-dimensional
  %3 = 6

The library syntax is GEN msnew(GEN M).

Return the vectors of moments of the p-adic distribution attached to the path path by the overconvergent modular symbol PHI.

  ? M = msinit(3,6,1);
  ? Mp= mspadicinit(M,5,10);
  ? phi = [5,-3,-1]~;
  ? msissymbol(M,phi)
  %4 = 1
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);
  ? ME = msomseval(Mp,PHI,[oo, 0]);

The library syntax is GEN msomseval(GEN Mp, GEN PHI, GEN path).

Returns the value (or r-th derivative) on a character χ^s of ℤ_p^* of the p-adic L-function attached to mu.

Let Φ be the p-adic distribution-valued overconvergent symbol attached to a modular symbol φ for Γ_0(N) (eigenvector for T_N(p) for the eigenvalue a_p). Then L_p(Φ,χ^s) = L_p(μ,s) is the p-adic L function defined by L_p(Φ,χ^s) = ∫_{ℤ_p^*} χ^s(z) dμ(z) where μ is the distribution on ℤ_p^* defined by the restriction of Φ([ oo ]-[0]) to ℤ_p^*. The r-th derivative is taken in direction <χ>: L_p^{(r)}(Φ,χ^s) = ∫_{ℤ_p^*} χ^s(z) (log z)^r dμ(z). In the argument list,

* mu is as returned by mspadicmoments (distributions attached to Φ by restriction to discs a + p^νℤ_p, (a,p) = 1).

* s = [s_1,s_2] with s_1 ∈ ℤ ⊂ ℤ_p and s_2 mod p-1 or s_2 mod 2 for p = 2, encoding the p-adic character χ^s := < χ >^{s_1} τ^{s_2}; here χ is the cyclotomic character from Gal(ℚ_p(μ_{p^ oo })/ℚ_p) to ℤ_p^*, and τ is the Teichmüller character (for p > 2 and the character of order 2 on (ℤ/4ℤ)^* if p = 2); for convenience, the character [s,s] can also be represented by the integer s.

When a_p is a p-adic unit, L_p takes its values in ℚ_p. When a_p is not a unit, it takes its values in the two-dimensional ℚ_p-vector space D_{cris}(M(φ)) where M(φ) is the "motive" attached to φ, and we return the two p-adic components with respect to some fixed ℚ_p-basis.

  ? M = msinit(3,6,1); phi=[5, -3, -1]~;
  ? msissymbol(M,phi)
  %2 = 1
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 5, 4);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi); \\ no twist
  \\ End of initializations
  
  ? mspadicL(mu,0) \\ L_p(chi^0)
  %5 = 5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + 2*5^4 + ...
  ? mspadicL(mu,1) \\ L_p(chi), zero for parity reasons
  %6 = [O(5^13)]~
  ? mspadicL(mu,2) \\ L_p(chi^2)
  %7 = 3 + 4*5 + 4*5^2 + 3*5^5 + ...
  ? mspadicL(mu,[0,2]) \\ L_p(tau^2)
  %8 = 3 + 5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + ...
  ? mspadicL(mu, [1,0]) \\ L_p(<chi>)
  %9 = 3*5 + 2*5^2 + 5^3 + 2*5^7 + 5^8 + 5^10 + 2*5^11 + O(5^13)
  ? mspadicL(mu,0,1) \\ L_p'(chi^0)
  %10 = 2*5 + 4*5^2 + 3*5^3 + ...
  ? mspadicL(mu, 2, 1) \\ L_p'(chi^2)
  %11 = 4*5 + 3*5^2 + 5^3 + 5^4 + ...

Now several quadratic twists: mstooms is indicated.

  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI, 12); \\ twist by 12
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %14 = 5 + 5^2 + 5^3 + 2*5^4 + ...
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI, 8); \\ twist by 8
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %16 = 2 + 3*5 + 3*5^2 + 2*5^4 + ...
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI, -3); \\ twist by -3 < 0
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %18 = O(5^13) \\ always 0, phi is in the + part and D < 0

One can locate interesting symbols of level N and weight k with msnew and mssplit. Note that instead of a symbol, one can input a 1-dimensional Hecke-subspace from mssplit: the function will automatically use the underlying basis vector.

  ? M=msinit(5,4,1); \\ M_4(Gamma_0(5))^+
  ? L = mssplit(M, msnew(M)); \\ list of irreducible Hecke-subspaces
  ? phi = L[1]; \\ one Galois orbit of newforms
  ? #phi[1] \\... this one is rational
  %4 = 1
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3, 4);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi);
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %7 = 1 + 3 + 3^3 + 3^4 + 2*3^5 + 3^6 + O(3^9)
  
  ? M = msinit(11,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(11))^+
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3, 4);
  ? L = mssplit(M, msnew(M));
  ? phi = L[1]; #phi[1] \\ ... this one is two-dimensional
  %11 = 2
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi);
   ***   at top-level: mu=mspadicmoments(Mp,ph
   ***                    ^--------------------
   *** mspadicmoments: incorrect type in mstooms [dim_Q (eigenspace) > 1]

The library syntax is GEN mspadicL(GEN mu, GEN s = NULL, long r).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, and p a prime, initialize technical data needed to compute with overconvergent modular symbols, modulo p^n. If flag is unset, allow all symbols; else initialize only for a restricted range of symbols depending on flag: if flag = 0 restrict to ordinary symbols, else restrict to symbols φ such that T_p(φ) = a_p φ, with v_p(a_p) ≥ flag, which is faster as flag increases. (The fastest initialization is obtained for flag = 0 where we only allow ordinary symbols.) For supersingular eigensymbols, such that p | a_p, we must further assume that p does not divide the level.

  ? E = ellinit("11a1");
  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(E,1);
  ? ellap(E,3)
  %3 = -1
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3, 10, 0); \\ commit to ordinary symbols
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);

If we restrict the range of allowed symbols with flag (for faster initialization), exceptions will occur if v_p(a_p) violates this bound:

  ? E = ellinit("15a1");
  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(E,1);
  ? ellap(E,7)
  %3 = 0
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M,7,5,0); \\ restrict to ordinary symbols
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi)
  ***   at top-level: PHI=mstooms(Mp,phi)
  ***                     ^---------------
  *** mstooms: incorrect type in mstooms [v_p(ap) > mspadicinit flag] (t_VEC).
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M,7,5); \\ no restriction
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);

This function uses O(N^2(n+k)^2p) memory, where N is the level of M.

The library syntax is GEN mspadicinit(GEN M, long p, long n, long flag).

Given Mp from mspadicinit, an overconvergent eigensymbol PHI from mstooms and a fundamental discriminant D coprime to p, let PHI^D denote the twisted symbol. This function computes the distribution μ = PHI^D([0] - oo ]) | ℤ_p^* restricted to ℤ_p^*. More precisely, it returns the moments of the p-1 distributions PHI^D([0]-[ oo ]) | (a + pℤ_p), 0 < a < p. We also allow PHI to be given as a classical symbol, which is then lifted to an overconvergent symbol by mstooms; but this is wasteful if more than one twist is later needed.

The returned data μ (p-adic distributions attached to PHI) can then be used in mspadicL or mspadicseries. This precomputation allows to quickly compute derivatives of different orders or values at different characters.

  ? M = msinit(3,6, 1);
  ? phi = [5,-3,-1]~;
  ? msissymbol(M, phi)
  %3 = 1
  ? p = 5; mshecke(M,p) * phi  \\ eigenvector of T_5, a_5 = 6
  %4 = [30, -18, -6]~
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, p, 10, 0); \\ restrict to ordinary symbols, mod p^10
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp, phi);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI);
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %8 = 5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + ...
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI, 12); \\ twist by 12
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %10 = 5 + 5^2 + 5^3 + 2*5^4 + ...

The library syntax is GEN mspadicmoments(GEN Mp, GEN PHI, long D).

Let Φ be the p-adic distribution-valued overconvergent symbol attached to a modular symbol φ for Γ_0(N) (eigenvector for T_N(p) for the eigenvalue a_p). If μ is the distribution on ℤ_p^* defined by the restriction of Φ([ oo ]-[0]) to ℤ_p^*, let ^{L}_p(μ,τ^{i})(x) = ∫_{ℤ_p^*} τ^i(t) (1+x)^{log_p(t)/log_p(u)}dμ(t) Here, τ is the Teichmüller character and u is a specific multiplicative generator of 1+2pℤ_p. (Namely 1+p if p > 2 or 5 if p = 2.) To explain the formula, let G_ oo := Gal(ℚ(μ_{p^{ oo }})/ ℚ), let χ:G_ oo → ℤ_p^* be the cyclotomic character (isomorphism) and γ the element of G_ oo such that χ(γ) = u; then χ(γ)^{log_p(t)/log_p(u)} = <t >.

The p-padic precision of individual terms is maximal given the precision of the overconvergent symbol μ.

  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(ellinit("17a1"),1);
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 5,7);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi,1); \\ overconvergent symbol
  ? mspadicseries(mu)
  %4 = (4 + 3*5 + 4*5^2 + 2*5^3 + 2*5^4 + 5^5 + 4*5^6 + 3*5^7 + O(5^9)) \
   + (3 + 3*5 + 5^2 + 5^3 + 2*5^4 + 5^6 + O(5^7))*x \
   + (2 + 3*5 + 5^2 + 4*5^3 + 2*5^4 + O(5^5))*x^2 \
   + (3 + 4*5 + 4*5^2 + O(5^3))*x^3 \
   + (3 + O(5))*x^4 + O(x^5)

An example with non-zero Teichmüller:

  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(ellinit("11a1"),1);
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3,10);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi,1);
  ? mspadicseries(mu, 2)
  %4 = (2 + 3 + 3^2 + 2*3^3 + 2*3^5 + 3^6 + 3^7 + 3^10 + 3^11 + O(3^12)) \
   + (1 + 3 + 2*3^2 + 3^3 + 3^5 + 2*3^6 + 2*3^8 + O(3^9))*x \
   + (1 + 2*3 + 3^4 + 2*3^5 + O(3^6))*x^2 \
   + (3 + O(3^2))*x^3 + O(x^4)

Supersingular example (not checked)

  ? E = ellinit("17a1"); ellap(E,3)
  %1 = 0
  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(E,1);
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3,7);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi,1);
  ? mspadicseries(mu)
  %5 = [(2*3^-1 + 1 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + 3^4 + 3^5 + 3^6 + O(3^7)) \
   + (2 + 3^3 + O(3^5))*x \
   + (1 + 2*3 + O(3^2))*x^2 + O(x^3),\
   (3^-1 + 1 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + 3^4 + 3^5 + 3^6 + O(3^7)) \
   + (1 + 2*3 + 2*3^2 + 3^3 + 2*3^4 + O(3^5))*x \
   + (3^-2 + 3^-1 + O(3^2))*x^2 + O(3^-2)*x^3 + O(x^4)]

Example with a twist:

  ? E = ellinit("11a1");
  ? [M,phi] = msfromell(E,1);
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, 3,10);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, phi,5); \\ twist by 5
  ? L = mspadicseries(mu)
  %5 = (2*3^2 + 2*3^4 + 3^5 + 3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^10 + O(3^12)) \
   + (2*3^2 + 2*3^6 + 3^7 + 3^8 + O(3^9))*x \
   + (3^3 + O(3^6))*x^2 + O(3^2)*x^3 + O(x^4)
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %6 = [2*3^2 + 2*3^4 + 3^5 + 3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^10 + O(3^12)]~
  ? ellpadicL(E,3,10,,5)
  %7 = 2 + 2*3^2 + 3^3 + 2*3^4 + 2*3^5 + 3^6 + 2*3^7 + O(3^10)
  ? mspadicseries(mu,1) \\ must be 0
  %8 = O(3^12) + O(3^9)*x + O(3^6)*x^2 + O(3^2)*x^3 + O(x^4)

The library syntax is GEN mspadicseries(GEN mu, long i).

Let Δ := Div^0(ℙ^1(ℚ)). Let M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return a set of ℤ[G]-generators for Δ. The output is [g,R], where g is a minimal system of generators and R the vector of ℤ[G]-relations between the given generators. A relation is coded by a vector of pairs [a_i,i] with a_i ∈ ℤ[G] and i the index of a generator, so that ∑_i a_i g[i] = 0.

An element [v]-[u] in Δ is coded by the "path" [u,v], where oo denotes the point at infinity (1:0) on the projective line. An element of ℤ[G] is coded by a "factorization matrix": the first column contains distinct elements of G, and the second integers:

  ? M = msinit(11,8); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(11))
  ? [g,R] = mspathgens(M);
  ? g
  %3 = [[+oo, 0], [0, 1/3], [1/3, 1/2]] \\ 3 paths
  ? #R  \\ a single relation
  %4 = 1
  ? r = R[1]; #r \\ ...involving all 3 generators
  %5 = 3
  ? r[1]
  %6 = [[1, 1; [1, 1; 0, 1], -1], 1]
  ? r[2]
  %7 = [[1, 1; [7, -2; 11, -3], -1], 2]
  ? r[3]
  %8 = [[1, 1; [8, -3; 11, -4], -1], 3]

The given relation is of the form ∑_i (1-γ_i) g_i = 0, with γ_i ∈ Γ_0(11). There will always be a single relation involving all generators (corresponding to a round trip along all cusps), then relations involving a single generator (corresponding to 2 and 3-torsion elements in the group:

  ? M = msinit(2,8); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(2))
  ? [g,R] = mspathgens(M);
  ? g
  %3 = [[+oo, 0], [0, 1]]

Note that the output depends only on the group G, not on the representation V.

The library syntax is GEN mspathgens(GEN M).

Let Δ := Div^0(ℙ^1(ℚ)). Let M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, encoding fixed ℤ[G]-generators (g_i) of Δ (see mspathgens). A path p = [a,b] between two elements in ℙ^1(ℚ) corresponds to [b]-[a] ∈ Δ. The path extremities a and b may be given as t_INT, t_FRAC or oo = (1:0).

Returns (p_i) in ℤ[G] such that p = ∑_i p_i g_i.

  ? M = msinit(2,8); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(2))
  ? [g,R] = mspathgens(M);
  ? g
  %3 = [[+oo, 0], [0, 1]]
  ? p = mspathlog(M, [1/2,2/3]);
  ? p[1]
  %5 =
  [[1, 0; 2, 1] 1]
  
  ? p[2]
  %6 =
  [[1, 0; 0, 1] 1]
  
  [[3, -1; 4, -1] 1]
  

Note that the output depends only on the group G, not on the representation V.

The library syntax is GEN mspathlog(GEN M, GEN p).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, and projH being a projector on a Hecke-simple subspace (as given by mssplit), return the Fourier coefficients a_n, n ≤ B of the corresponding normalized newform. If B is omitted, use seriesprecision.

This function uses a naive O(B^2 d^3) algorithm, where d = O(kN) is the dimension of M_k(Γ_0(N)).

  ? M = msinit(11,2, 1); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(11))^+
  ? L = mssplit(M, msnew(M));
  ? msqexpansion(M,L[1], 20)
  %3 = [1, -2, -1, 2, 1, 2, -2, 0, -2, -2, 1, -2, 4, 4, -1, -4, -2, 4, 0, 2]
  ? ellan(ellinit("11a1"), 20)
  %4 = [1, -2, -1, 2, 1, 2, -2, 0, -2, -2, 1, -2, 4, 4, -1, -4, -2, 4, 0, 2]

The shortcut msqexpansion(M, s, B) is available for a symbol s, provided it is a Hecke eigenvector:

  ? E = ellinit("11a1");
  ? [M,s]=msfromell(E);
  ? msqexpansion(M,s,10)
  %3 = [1, -2, -1, 2, 1, 2, -2, 0, -2, -2]
  ? ellan(E, 10)
  %4 = [1, -2, -1, 2, 1, 2, -2, 0, -2, -2]

The library syntax is GEN msqexpansion(GEN M, GEN projH, long precdl).

Let M denote a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit(N,k,1) or msinit(N,k,-1) and let H be a Hecke-stable subspace of msnew(M). This function split H into Hecke-simple subspaces. If dimlim is present and positive, restrict to subspaces of dimension ≤ dimlim. A subspace is given by a structure allowing quick projection and restriction of linear operators; its first component is a matrix with integer coefficients whose columns form a ℚ-basis of the subspace.

  ? M = msinit(11,8, 1); \\ M_8(Gamma_0(11))^+
  ? L = mssplit(M, msnew(M));
  ? #L
  %3 = 2
  ? f = msqexpansion(M,L[1],5); f[1].mod
  %4 = x^2 + 8*x - 44
  ? lift(f)
  %5 = [1, x, -6*x - 27, -8*x - 84, 20*x - 155]
  ? g = msqexpansion(M,L[2],5); g[1].mod
  %6 = x^4 - 558*x^2 + 140*x + 51744

To a Hecke-simple subspace corresponds an orbit of (normalized) newforms, defined over a number field. In the above example, we printed the polynomials defining the said fields, as well as the first 5 Fourier coefficients (at the infinite cusp) of one such form.

The library syntax is GEN mssplit(GEN M, GEN H, long dimlim).

M being a full modular symbol space, as given by msinit, return the matrix of the * involution, induced by complex conjugation, acting on the (stable) subspace H (M if omitted).

  ? M = msinit(11,2); \\ M_2(Gamma_0(11))
  ? w = msstar(M);
  ? w^2 == 1
  %3 = 1

The library syntax is GEN msstar(GEN M, GEN H = NULL).

Given Mp from mspadicinit, lift the (classical) eigen symbol phi to a p-adic distribution-valued overconvergent symbol in the sense of Pollack and Stevens. More precisely, let φ belong to the space W of modular symbols of level N, v_p(N) ≤ 1, and weight k which is an eigenvector for the Hecke operator T_N(p) for a non-zero eigenvalue a_p and let N_0 = lcm(N,p).

Under the action of T_{N_0}(p), φ generates a subspace W_φ of dimension 1 (if p | N) or 2 (if p does not divide N) in the space of modular symbols of level N_0.

Let V_p = [p,0;0,1] and C_p = [a_p,p^{k-1};-1,0]. When p does not divide N and a_p is divisible by p, mstooms returns the lift Φ of (φ,φ|_k V_p) such that T_{N_0}(p) Φ = C_p Φ

When p does not divide N and a_p is not divisible by p, mstooms returns the lift Φ of φ - α^{-1} φ|_k V_p which is an eigenvector of T_{N_0}(p) for the unit eigenvalue where α^2 - a_p α + p^{k-1} = 0.

The resulting overconvergent eigensymbol can then be used in mspadicmoments, then mspadicL or mspadicseries.

  ? M = msinit(3,6, 1); p = 5;
  ? Tp = mshecke(M, p); factor(charpoly(Tp))
  %2 =
  [x - 3126 2]
  
  [   x - 6 1]
  ? phi = matker(Tp - 6)[,1] \\ generator of p-Eigenspace, a_p = 6
  %3 = [5, -3, -1]~
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M, p, 10, 0); \\ restrict to ordinary symbols, mod p^10
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp, phi);
  ? mu = mspadicmoments(Mp, PHI);
  ? mspadicL(mu)
  %7 = 5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + ...

A non ordinary symbol.

  ? M = msinit(4,6,1); p = 3;
  ? Tp = mshecke(M, p); factor(charpoly(Tp))
  %2 =
  [x - 244 3]
  
  [ x + 12 1]
  ? phi = matker(Tp + 12)[,1] \\ a_p = -12 is divisible by p = 3
  %3 = [-1/32, -1/4, -1/32, 1]~
  ? msissymbol(M,phi)
  %4 = 1
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M,3,5,0);
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);
   ***   at top-level: PHI=mstooms(Mp,phi)
   ***                     ^---------------
   *** mstooms: incorrect type in mstooms [v_p(ap) > mspadicinit flag] (t_VEC).
  ? Mp = mspadicinit(M,3,5,1);
  ? PHI = mstooms(Mp,phi);

The library syntax is GEN mstooms(GEN Mp, GEN phi).